Indefinite leave to remain

Migrants who are granted leave to remain on the basis of their private life are granted 30 months’ leave to remain on a 10-year route to settlement (indefinite leave to remain). One private life route in the Immigration Rules applies to young adults, and says that they will be granted 30 months’ leave to remain where they are aged between 18 and 25 years old and have spent more than half of their life in the United Kingdom. If granted, they will normally need to continue to extend that leave until they have had leave to remain in that category for 10 years. Only at that stage can they apply for indefinite leave to remain.

However, on 21 October 2021, the Home Office released guidance regarding a concession to grant indefinite leave to remain early for young adults who have lived most of their lives in the United Kingdom. Under the new policy, so long as certain criteria are met, the applicant may be granted indefinite leave to remain after just five years.

Who does this concession apply to?

The guidance states that an applicant will be able to apply for indefinite leave to remain after just five years (as opposed to 10 years) where they:

- - - are aged 18 or above but under the age of 25
    - have spent at least half of their life living continuously in the UK (discounting any period of imprisonment)
    - have either been born in, or entered the UK, as a child
    - have held five years’ limited leave
    - be eligible for leave under the private life grounds and have made an application under the private life rules

Where an applicant meets those requirements, the Home Office will take the following factors into account when considering whether to grant ILR after just 5 years:

- - - the person’s age when they arrived in the UK
    - the length of their residence in the UK (including unlawful residence)
    - the strength of their connections and integration to the UK
    - whether unlawful residence in the past was the result of non-compliance on the part of the applicant or their parent/guardian whilst the applicant was under the age of 18
    - efforts made to engage with the Home Office and regularise status
    - any leave currently held and length of continuous lawful leave
    - any period of any continuous leave held in the past
    - whether (and the extent to which) limited leave to remain will have a detrimental impact on the person’s health or welfare

Why has the Home Office done this?

The Immigration Rules allow migrants to apply for indefinite leave to remain after five years where they can meet the requirement of the family routes. If they cannot, they may be granted under the exceptions to the family rules, or on the basis of their private life. However, to reflect the fact that they cannot meet the requirements (in particular where they did not have valid immigration status), they are placed on a longer, 10-year route to settlement. The Home Office states that this is to, “encourage compliance with the core requirements of the Immigration Rules and encourage integration into society.” They add that, “The longer timeframe signals that a person should not benefit from the same entitlement as those who are compliant.”

However, following campaigning and litigation from organisations such as We Belong and Islington Law Centre, the Home Office has now accepted that this punitive approach is not necessarily appropriate in the context of young adults who were born in the UK or came here as children. Any failure to comply with the requirements of the Immigration Rules cannot be said to be the fault of children who were travelling and living with their parents. To reflect this, they have introduced this concession to allow some young adults in that position to apply for indefinite leave to remain after five years.

So, what does this mean?

This should mean that many young adults are eligible to apply for indefinite leave to remain immediately. It will also significantly reduce the time others will need to continue to wait until they become eligible. For these applicants, who may well consider themselves British in all but name, and for many of whom the United Kingdom will be the only country they know, they can achieve security in their immigration status which would have otherwise remained precarious long into adulthood.

However, this is a concession to the usual rules, and not an amendment to the rules. As such, it remains at the discretion of the Home Office whether to grant indefinite leave to remain depending on the applicant’s circumstances. The guidance is clear that those who have status dependent upon a parent or parents with leave to remain under Appendix FM are expected to continue on that route to settlement. In addition, the wording of the guidance is not totally clear and, as it is brand new, it can be tricky to predict how the Home Office will treat borderline cases. The concession does not appear to include those young adults on the private life route, granted because they were aged between 18 and 25 years old and had lived half of their lives here, but who are now over the age of 25. It would appear unfair and inconsistent to exclude them, but based on the wording of the guidance they appear unable to rely on this concession.

Overall, however, this marks a very positive and welcome change which could transform the lives of many young people in this country.

If you would like more information or advice on how this may affect you or your children, we can help. Please contact us on 020 7401 6887 or by email at contact@gryklaw.com.

Where a migrant can show that they have lived in the United Kingdom for at least a continuous, lawful 10-year period, they may be eligible for apply for indefinite leave to remain (‘ILR’).

However, one potential sticking point is whether they have been outside of the United Kingdom for too long. That is because the Immigration Rules say that for the period to be “continuous”, the applicant cannot have spent more than 18 months in total outside of the country during those 10 years, or any single absence of six months or more.

The Home Office guidance states that six months is calculated as 180 days and 18 months is calculated as 540 days. The Home Office interprets this very strictly and will only make exceptions to these limits in “compelling or compassionate circumstances”. There have been several stories in the news where applicants have been refused ILR due to their excessive absences, despite having perfectly good reasons for being outside of the country for as long as they were. Unfortunately, in the eyes of the Home Office, the reasons were not compelling enough.

Recently, the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) looked at how the Home Office should be interpreting this rule. In particular, it looked at whether the limit is, in fact, 540 days. The Rules state that the applicant must not have been absent for 18 months – but how long is 18 months? A month is not a fixed period of time. The Home Office argued that a month should be interpreted as being 30 days long, which is how they calculated the limit as being 540 days. The Upper Tribunal disagreed and ruled that 18 months is 548 days and that the Home Office guidance was wrong.

On the face of it, this is not a big difference. However, it did make a big difference to Mrs Chang, whose appeal was being considered by the Upper Tribunal. She had been absent from the United Kingdom for 543 days during the 10-year period she was relying upon. As an illustration of how strict the Home Office is on this issue, her application was refused for that reason. Happily, after the Upper Tribunal decision, she will now be granted ILR.

We have a lot of experience making ILR applications on this basis, including advising clients on how to deal with excessive absences. If you have spent more than 10 years lawfully resident in the United Kingdom and would like advice or assistance on applying for ILR, please feel free to contact us on 020 7401 6887 or by email at contact@gryklaw.com.

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